Surgery is unlikely to be enough for a patient to stop smoking 24 h prior to hospital admission / É improvável que a cirurgia seja suficiente para que o paciente pare de fumar 24 horas antes da internação hospitalar

Abstract Introduction The need for surgery can be a decisive factor for long-term smoking cessation. On the other hand, situations that precipitate stress could precipitate smoking relapse. The authors decided to study the impact of a surgery on the patient's effort to cease smoking for, at least, 24 h before hospital admission and possible relapse on the last 24 h before hospital admission for ex-smokers. Methods Smoker, ex-smokers and non-smokers adults, either from pre-anesthetic clinic or recently hospital admitted for scheduled elective surgeries that were, at most, 6 h inside the hospital buildings were included in the study. The patients answered a questionnaire at the ward or at the entrance of the operating room (Admitted group) or at the beginning of the first pre-anesthetic consultation (Clinic group) and performed CO measurements. Results 241 patients were included, being 52 ex-smokers and 109 never smokers and 80 non-smokers. Smokers had higher levels of expired carbon monoxide than non-smokers and ex-smokers (9.97 ± 6.50 vs. 2.26 ± 1.65 vs. 2.98 ± 2.69; p = 0.02). Among the smokers, the Clinic group had CO levels not statistically different of those on the Admitted group (10.93 ± 7.5 vs. 8.65 ± 4.56; p = 0.21). The ex-smokers presented with no significant differences for the carbon monoxide levels between the Clinic and Admitted groups (2.9 ± 2.3 vs. 2.82 ± 2.15; p = 0.45). Conclusion A medical condition, such as a surgery, without proper assistance is unlikely to be enough for a patient to stop smoking for, at least, 24 h prior to admission. The proximity of a surgery was not associated with smoking relapse 24 h before the procedure.

Resumo Introdução A necessidade de cirurgia pode ser um fator decisivo para a cessação do tabagismo em longo prazo. Por outro lado, situações que precipitam o estresse podem precipitar a recaída do tabagismo. Decidimos avaliar o impacto de uma cirurgia no esforço do paciente para deixar de fumar durante pelo menos 24 horas antes da internação hospitalar e a possível recaída nas últimas 24 horas anteriores à internação em ex-fumantes. Métodos Fumantes, ex-fumantes e não fumantes adultos, quer de clínica pré-anestésica ou recentemente internados para cirurgias eletivas programadas que ficariam, no máximo, seis horas dentro das unidades hospitalares, foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes responderam um questionário na enfermaria ou na entrada da sala de operação (Grupo Internação) ou no início da primeira consulta pré-anestesia (Grupo Clínico) e fizeram mensurações dos níveis de CO. Resultados No total, 241 pacientes foram incluídos: 52 ex-fumantes, 109 que nunca fumaram e 80 não fumantes. Os fumantes apresentaram níveis mais elevados de monóxido de carbono expirado que os não fumantes e ex-fumantes (9,97 ± 6,50 vs. 2,26 ± 1,65 vs. 2,98 ± 2,69;p = 0,02). Entre os fumantes, o Grupo Clínico apresentou níveis de CO não estatisticamente diferentes daqueles do Grupo Internação (10,93 ± 7,5 vs. 8,65 ± 4,56; p = 0,21). Os ex-fumantes não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos Clínico e Internação para os níveis de monóxido de carbono (2,9 ± 2,3 vs. 2,82 ± 2,15; p = 0,45). Conclusão É improvável que uma condição médica, como uma cirurgia, sem assistência adequada seja suficiente para que um paciente pare de fumar, pelo menos, 24 horas antes da internação. A proximidade de uma cirurgia não foi associada à recaída do tabagismo nas 24 horas anteriores ao procedimento.

Noradrenaline and dobutamine effects on the volume expansion with normal saline in rabbits subjected to hemorrhage

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of dobutamine (DB), noradrenaline (NA), and their combination (NADB), on volume retention in rabbits submitted to hemorrhage. METHODS: Thirty six rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups: SHAM, Control, Saline, DB, NA, DB+NA. All the animals, except for SHAM, were subjected to hemorrhage of 25% of the calculated blood volume. Control animals were replaced with their own blood. The other groups received NSS 3 times the volume withdrawn. The intravascular retention, hematocrit, diuresis, central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, NGAL, dry-to-wet lung weight ratio (DTWR) and the lung and kidney histology were analyzed. RESULTS: Replacement with NSS and NA, DB or NA+DB did not produce differences in the intravascular retention. After hemorrhage, the animals presented a significant decrease in the MAP and CVP, which were maintained until volume replacement. Regarding NGAL, dry-to-wet-lung-weight ratio, lung and kidney histology, there were no statistical differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: The use of noradrenaline, dobutamine or their combination did not increase the intravascular retention of volume after normal saline infusion.

Sevoflurane preconditioning during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion reduces infarct size and preserves autonomic control of circulation in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with sevoflurane anesthetic preconditioning (APC) would present beneficial effects on autonomic and cardiac function indexes after the acute phase of a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were allocated in three groups: control (CON, n=10), myocardial infarction with sevoflurane (SEV, n=5) and infarcted without sevoflurane (INF, n=5). Myocardial ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion were performed by temporary coronary occlusion. Twenty-one days later, the systolic and diastolic function were evaluated by echocardiography; spectral analysis of the systolic arterial pressure (SAPV) and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed. After the recording period, the infarct size (IS) was evaluated. RESULTS: The INF group presented greater cardiac dysfunction and increased sympathetic modulation of the SAPV, as well as decreased alpha index and worse vagal modulation of the HRV. The SEV group exhibited attenuation of the systolic and diastolic dysfunction and preserved vagal modulation (square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals and high frequency) of HRV, as well as a smaller IS. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane preconditioning better preserved the cardiac function and autonomic modulation of the heart in post-acute myocardial infarction period.

Perioperative cardiac arrest: an evolutionary analysis of the intra-operative cardiac arrest incidence in tertiary centers in Brazil / Parada cardíaca perioperatória: uma análise evolutiva da incidência de parada cardíaca intraoperatória em centros terciários no Brasil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Great changes in medicine have taken place over the last 25 years worldwide. These changes in technologies, patient risks, patient profile, and laws regulating the medicine have impacted the incidence of cardiac arrest. It has been postulated that the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest has decreased over the years, especially in developed countries. The authors hypothesized that, as in the rest of the world, the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest is decreasing in Brazil, a developing country. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to search the literature to evaluate the publications that relate the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest in Brazil and analyze the trend in the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest. CONTENTS: There were 4 articles that met our inclusion criteria, resulting in 204,072 patients undergoing regional or general anesthesia in two tertiary and academic hospitals, totalizing 627 cases of intraoperative cardiac arrest. The mean intraoperative cardiac arrest incidence for the 25 years period was 30.72:10,000 anesthesias. There was a decrease from 39:10,000 anesthesias to 13:10,000 anesthesias in the analyzed period, with the related lethality from 48.3% to 30.8%. Also, the main causes of anesthesia-related cause of mortality changed from machine malfunction and drug overdose to hypovolemia and respiratory causes. CONCLUSIONS: There was a clear reduction in the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest in the last 25 years in Brazil. This reduction is seen worldwide and might be a result of multiple factors, including new laws regulating the medicine in Brazil, incorporation of technologies, better human development level of the country, and better patient care.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA: Nos últimos 25 anos ocorreram grandes mudanças na medicina em todo o mundo. Essas mudanças de tecnologias, riscos do paciente, perfil do paciente e leis que regulam medicamentos tiveram impacto na incidência de parada cardíaca (PC). Postula-se que a incidência de parada cardíaca intraoperatória (PCI) tem diminuído ao longo dos anos, especialmente em países desenvolvidos. A nossa hipótese foi que, como no resto do mundo, a incidência de PCI está diminuindo no Brasil, um país em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar e avaliar na literatura as publicações que relacionam a incidência de PCI no Brasil e analisar a tendência na incidência de PCI. CONTEÚDO: Descobrimos quatro artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, que resultaram em 204.072 pacientes submetidos à anestesia regional ou geral em dois hospitais terciários e acadêmicos e 627 casos de PCI. A média de incidência de PCI para o período de 25 anos foi de 30,72:10.000 anestesias. Houve uma diminuição de 39:10.000 anestesias para 13:10.000 anestesias no período analisado, com letalidade relacionada de 48,3% para 30,8%. Além disso, as principais causas de mortalidade relacionadas à anestesia mudaram de mau funcionamento de máquinas e overdose de medicamentos para hipovolemia e causas respiratórias. CONCLUSÕES: Houve uma clara redução na incidência de PCI nos últimos 25 anos no Brasil. Essa redução é observada em todo o mundo e pode ser o resultado de vários fatores, incluindo novas leis que regulam medicamentos no Brasil, incorporação de tecnologias, melhor nível de desenvolvimento humano do país e melhor assistência ao paciente.

Effect of nitrous oxide on fentanyl consumption in burned patients undergoing dressing change / Efeito do óxido nitroso sobre o consumo de fentanil em pacientes queimados submetidos à troca de curativo

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thermal injuries and injured areas management are important causes of pain in burned patients, requiring that these patients are constantly undergoing general anesthesia for dressing change. Nitrous oxide (N2O) has analgesic and sedative properties; it is easy to use and widely available. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of N2O combined with fentanyl in burned patients during dressing change. METHOD: After approval by the institutional Ethics Committee, 15 adult burned patients requiring daily dressing change were evaluated. Patient analgesia was controlled with fentanyl 0.0005% administered by intravenous pump infusion on-demand. Randomly, in one of the days a mixture of 65% N2O in oxygen (O2) was associated via mask, with a flow of 10 L/min (N2O group) and on the other day only O2 under the same flow (control group). RESULTS: No significant pain reduction was seen in N2O group compared to control group. VAS score before dressing change was 4.07 and 3.4, respectively, in N2O and control groups. Regarding pain at the end of the dressing, patients in N2O group reported pain severity of 2.8; while the control group reported 2.87. There was no significant difference in fentanyl consumption in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The association of N2O was not effective in reducing opioid consumption during dressing changes.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os ferimentos térmicos e a manipulação das áreas lesadas são causas importantes de dor em pacientes vítimas de queimaduras, necessitando que estes pacientes sejam constantemente submetidos a anestesias gerais para a troca do curativo. O óxido nitroso (N2O) tem propriedades analgésicas e sedativas, sendo capaz de fácil utilização e de ampla disponibilidade. Com isto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito analgésico da administração de N2O associado ao fentanil em pacientes queimados, durante a troca de curativo. MÉTODO: Após aprovação pela comissão de ética institucional, foram avaliados 15 pacientes adultos, vítimas de queimaduras com necessidade de troca diária de curativo. A analgesia do paciente foi controlada pelo uso de fentanil 0,0005% administrado por bomba de infusão sob demanda, intravenosa. De maneira aleatória, em um dos dias foi associada mistura de N2O a 65% em oxigênio (O2) sob máscara com fluxo de 10 L/min (grupo N2O) e no outro dia apenas O2 sob o mesmo fluxo (grupo controle). RESULTADOS: Não se observou diminuição significativa da dor no grupo N2O em relação ao grupo controle. A dor na EAV antes da troca do curativo foi de 4,07 e 3,4; respectivamente nos grupos N2O e controle. Quanto à dor ao término da troca de curativo, os pacientes do grupo N2O referiram dor intensidade 2,8; enquanto no grupo controle foi de 2,87. Não houve diferença significativa de consumo de fentanil em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A associação de N2O não foi eficaz na redução no consumo de opióides durante a troca de curativos.

Effects of catecholamines on volemic replacement with saline solution and the impact on heart rate variability in rabbits subjected to hemorrhage. A study by spectral analysis

PURPOSE: To verify the effects of different catecholamines on volemic expansion and on the autonomic nervous system in rabbits that were subjected to hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty four rabbits subjected to hemorrhage (with a 25% loss of blood volume) and were randomly divided into four experimental groups: 1) HEMO Group underwent replacement with their own blood in an equal volume; 2) SS Group underwent replacement with saline solution (SS) in a volume that corresponded to three times the removed blood volume; 3) ISP Group underwent replacement with SS and isoprenaline; 4) FNL Group underwent replacement with SS and phenylephrine. Spectral Analysis of the heart rate and heart rate variability were performed from the recorded data. Hematocrit was measured throughout the experiment. RESULTS: Replacement with SS and an α- or β-agonist did not produce differences in the intravascular retention compared to replacement with SS alone. An analysis of HRV showed that the FNL group maintained the LF/HF ratio better than ISP and SS. CONCLUSIONS: No difference in vascular retention when α- or β- agonists were added to SS during post-hemorrhagic recovery. The animals in the FNL group maintained the integrity of the autonomic response within normal physiological standards during hemorrhagic stress. .

Effects of propofol in lipid-based emulsion and in microemulsion on the incidence of endothelial lesion in rabbits

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of endothelial injury after single-dose or continuous propofol infusion in conventional lipid-based emulsion (LE) versus microemulsion (ME). METHODS: Forty-two rabbits (2.5-4.5 Kg) were randomly allocated into seven groups of six animals each: SHAM- surgical treatment alone; Bolus Control Group - 3 mL-intravenous (IV) bolus of saline; Continuous Infusion Control Group - 3 mL- IV bolus of saline followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ml/kg/min for 60 min; Bolus LE Propofol Group - IV bolus of LE propofol (3 mg/kg); Bolus ME Propofol Group - IV ME propofol bolus (3 mg/kg); Continuous LE Propofol Group - IV LE propofol bolus (3 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ml/kg/min for 60 min; Continuous ME Propofol Group - IV ME propofol bolus (3 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ml/kg/min for 60 min. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the studied groups in blood pressure, in central venous pressure and in the biochemical profile. No significant differences were found in inflammatory mediators and in tissue analysis between the two emulsions. CONCLUSION: Microemulsion and lipid-based emulsion propofol had similar inflammatory, biochemical and microscopy profiles. Thus, microemulsion propofol can be used as an alternative to lipid-based emulsion propofol.

Opinião dos médicos das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva do Complexo Hospital das Clínicas sobre a ortotanásia / Perception of physicians of Intensive Care Units of the Hospital das Clinicas Complex about orthothanasia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A medicina atual vive um momento de busca de sensato equilíbrio na relação médico-paciente. Contrariamente ao que se observava poucos anos atrás, onde o paciente era, na estrita concepção da palavra, um paciente, ou seja, aquele que só obedece sem questionar, hoje ele é considerado um agente autônomo, que participa ativamente decidindo sobre ele mesmo. Ao mesmo tempo, a medicina incorporou técnicas, medicamentos e procedimentos que podem, por si só, manter a vida do paciente quase que indefinidamente, mesmo que esta seja totalmente vegetativa.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da resolução CFM 1.805/2006 na opinião dos médicos que trabalham nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Complexo Hospital das Clínicas.MÉTODO: Após aprovação pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa da Instituição foram entrevistados 100 médicos que exercem atividade nas unidades de terapia intensiva do Complexo Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicinada Universidade de São Paulo no ano de 2007, sendo 41 médicos assistentes e 59 residentes. RESULTADOS: Todos os entrevistados foram favoráveisà ortotanásia, 67% consideraram a resolução comoi deal e 26% como adequada, tendo apenas uma minoria de 7% considerando-a inadequada. Dos médicos entrevistados,93% já pensaram na possibilidade de colocar a ortotanásia em prática.CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos médicos foi favorável à prática da ortotanásia, princípio que visa diminuir o sofrimento do paciente e de seus familiares, desde quer espeitada a vontade da pessoa ou de seu representante legal, devidamente fundamentada e registrada no prontuárioe que o paciente continue a receber todos os cuidados necessários para aliviar os sintomas que levam ao sofrimento, sendo assegurada a assistência integral, o conforto físico, psíquico, social e espiritual, e o direito aalta hospitalar.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Modern medicine lives a moment of searching for a sensible balancein the physician-patient relationship. As opposed to what was observed few years ago, when patients were, in thestrict conception of the word, patients, that is, someone who obeys without questioning, today they are considered autonomous agents actively participating and deciding about themselves. At the same time, medicine has incorporatedt echniques, drugs and procedures which, by themselves,may keep the lifes of patients almost indefi nitely,even if lives are totally vegetative. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of the resolution CFM 1.805/2006 on the perception of physicians working in Intensive Care Units (ICU) of the Hospital das Clinicas Complex. METHOD: One hundred physicians of the ICUs of the Hospital das Clinicas Complex were interviewed abouttheir knowledge with regard to the provisions of the resolution CFM 1.805/2006, as well as their perception of orthothanasia.RESULTS: All respondents were favorable to orthothanasia; 67% considered the resolution ideal and 26% adequate,with just a minority of 7% considering it inadequate.From all interviewed physicians, 93% have already thought about putting it in to practice.CONCLUSION: Most physicians were favorable to thepractice of orthothanasia, principle which aims at decreasing the suffering of patients and relatives, provided the will of the person or of his legal representative is respected,dully justified and recorded in the medical recordsand that the patient continues to receive all necessary care to relief symptoms which lead to suffering, being assured integral assistance, physical, psychical, social and spiritual comfort, and the right to hospital discharge.

Comparação dos efeitos da dobutamina e da milrinona sobre a hemodinâmica e o transporte de oxigênio em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com baixo débito cardíaco após indução anestésica / Comparison of the effects of dobutamine and milrinone on hemodynamic parameters and oxygen supply in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with low cardiac output after anesthetic induction

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diversas classes de fármacos inotrópicos, com efeitos hemodinâmicos diferentes, são utilizadas no tratamento do baixo débito cardíaco em pacientes com disfunção sistólica submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico cardíaco. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito da dobutamina e da milrinona sobre a hemodinâmica e o transporte de oxigênio nessa população de pacientes. MÉTODO: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética institucional e obtenção do consentimento escrito pós-informado, 20 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e com índice cardíaco < 2 L.min-1.m-2 pós-indução anestésica e instalação de cateter de artéria pulmonar foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber dobutamina 5 µg.kg-1.min-1 (n = 10) ou milrinona 0,5 µg.kg-1.min-1 (n = 10). Medidas hemodinâmicas foram obtidas pós-indução, 30 e 60 minutos após, e gasometrias arterial e venosa nos momentos basal e 60 minutos. Os dados foram comparados usando teste t de Student não pareado ou ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas. RESULTADOS: A dobutamina e a milrinona promoveram aumentos significativos no índice cardíaco (56 por cento e 47 por cento) e no transporte de oxigênio (53 por cento e 45 por cento), redução nos índices de resistência vascular sistêmica (33 por cento e 36 por cento) e pulmonar (34 por cento e 19 por cento), respectivamente. Contudo, não foram observadas diferenças entre os fármacos. CONCLUSÕES: Ambos os fármacos inotrópicos foram igualmente efetivos em restaurar o fluxo tecidual sanguíneo e a oferta tecidual de oxigênio para valores adequados em pacientes com baixo débito cardíaco submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several classes of inotropic drugs with different hemodynamic effects are used in the treatment of low cardiac output in patients with diastolic dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of dobutamine and milrinone on hemodynamic parameters and oxygen supply in this population of patients. METHODS: After approval by the Ethics Committee of the institution and signing of the informed consent, 20 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiac index < 2 L.min-1.m2 after anesthetic induction and place ment of a pulmonary artery catheter were randomly divided to receive dobutamine 5 µg.kg-1. min-1 (n = 10), or milrinone 0.5 µg.kg-1.min-1 (n = 10). Hemodynamic parameters were measured after anesthetic induction and after 30 and 60 minutes, and arterial and venous blood gases were measured at baseline and 60 minutes. Non-paired Student t test or two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to compare the data. RESULTS: Dobutamine and milrinone promoted significant increases in cardiac index (56 percent and 47 percent) and oxygen supply (53 percent and 45 percent), and reduction in systemic (33 percent and 36 percent) and pulmonary (34 percent and 19 percent) vascular resistance, respectively. However, statistically significant differences were not observed between both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Both inotropic drugs were similarly effective in restoring tissue blood flow and oxygen supply to adequate levels in patients with low cardiac output undergoing cardiac surgery.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Diversas clases de fármacos inotrópicos con efectos hemodinámicos diferentes, se usan en el tratamiento del bajo débito cardíaco en pacientes con disfunción sistólica sometidos al procedimiento quirúrgico cardíaco. El objetivo de este estudio, fue comparar el efecto de la dobutamina y de la milrinona sobre la hemodinámica y el transporte de oxígeno en esa población de pacientes. MÉTODO: Después de la aprobación del Comité de Ética institucional y de la obtención del consentimiento informado, 20 pacientes sometidos a la cirugía cardíaca y con índice cardíaco < 2 L.min-1.m-2 postinducción anestésica e instalación de catéter de arteria pulmonar, fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente para recibir dobutamina 5 µg.kg-1. min-1 (n = 10) o milrinona 0,5 µg.kg-1.min-1 (n = 10). Medidas hemodinámicas se obtuvieron postinducción, entre 30 y 60 minutos después de las gasometrías arterial y venosa en los momentos basales y 60 minutos. Los datos se compararon usando el test t de Student no pareado o Anova de dos vías para medidas repetidas. RESULTADOS: La dobutamina y la milrinona produjeron aumentos significativos en el índice cardíaco (56 por ciento y 47 por ciento) y en el transporte de oxígeno (53 por ciento y 45 por ciento), una reducción en los índices de resistencia vascular sistémica (33 por ciento y 36 por ciento) y pulmonar (34 por ciento y 19 por ciento) respectivamente. Sin embargo, no fueron observadas diferencias entre los fármacos. CONCLUSIONES: Ambos fármacos inotrópicos fueron igualmente efectivos en la restauración del flujo tisular sanguíneo y en la oferta tisular de oxígeno para valores adecuados en pacientes con bajo débito cardíaco sometidos a la cirugía cardíaca.